By Farooq A. Kperogi, Ph.D. The trouble with labeling anything American English these days is that American English is now actually inte...
By Farooq A. Kperogi, Ph.D.
The trouble with labeling anything American English
these days is that American English is now actually international English,
which is unrelentingly diluting even British English at an alarming rate. I
once read the story of a starry-eyed British linguist who came to America to
study how American English deviates from British English. Between the period of
his research and the time of the publication of his book, the expressions he
identified as uniquely American, which he had hoped would amuse and amaze
British speakers, had become so commonplace that many British readers wondered
what the point of his book was.
Today, British English has become so thoroughly
Americanized that one has to be really careful when differentiating between the
two varieties of English. Perhaps, we can rephrase George Bernard Shaw and say
America and England have now become two countries that are increasingly being
united by a common language. That is why it no longer makes any sense to learn
British English these days since the British are themselves relentlessly
Americanizing their English.
Having said that, it is still possible to isolate
expressions that are peculiarly American and British. And there are instances
when Nigerian English brings these two old varieties in a creative, if
improper, linguistic conversation. Perhaps the best example I can think of is
the word "torchlight," which Nigerians use to denote a small portable
battery-powered electric lamp.
The British word for the same object is simply
"torch" and the American name for it is "flashlight." So Nigerians took the British "torch" and combined it with the American
"light" to produce a unique word that is both British and
American—and neither British nor American! Of course, "torchlight"
also exists as a separate word in both British and American English, but it
only refers to the light produced by a flashlight—or a torch, if you will.
The word "short-knicker" belongs in this
category. It is also derived from mixing American and British English.
"Shorts" is the preferred American word for trousers that end at or
above the knee. The British prefer "knickers," although as I said
earlier, American English usage is now so widely spread in Britain that these
distinctions are sometimes meaningless. But the important point to note is that Nigerians formed this word when it still made sense to talk of distinct American and
British English.
I have also found out that Nigerian use of the phrase
"international passport" to refer to "passport" is
traceable to America. By "passport" I am referring to the document
issued by a country to its citizens, which allows them to travel abroad and
reenter their home countries; I am not referring to "passport
photos," which Nigerians like to call "passports"— against the
conventions of British and American English. In American bureaucratic circles,
"international passport" is commonly used to denote non-American
passports.
There is, for instance, the "International
Passport Act" and an "International Passport Office Program"
here in the United States. The act and the program address the passport issues
of people from other countries who travel to the United States for various
reasons. So "international passport" in America simply means foreign
passports. Ordinary Americans do not prefix the adjective
"international" when referring to their own passports. Perhaps the
first Nigerians who traveled to the United States were confused by this
nomenclature and passed down the confusion to later generations of Nigerians.
And the Nigerian English idiom "off head"
seems to be traceable to the American expression "off the top of my
head," which is now also common in British English. Both expressions
describe the sense of doing something with little or no preparation or
forethought.
There are several expressions I was taught to avoid
when I was in secondary school that I find widely used here. Some examples are:
"tight friend" (instead of "close friend"), "point
accusing fingers" (instead of "point fingers"),
"senior/junior brother" (instead of "elder/younger
brother"), "re-occur" (instead of "recur"),
"oftentimes" (instead of "often"), etc. I first noticed
these expressions in my students' essays and almost felt as if I was reading
essays written by Nigerians. But it is my personal philosophy never to assume
any expression to be wrong until I actually confirm this through inquiry. And,
sure enough, what I thought were usage errors in my students' essays turned out
to be respectable usage patterns in American English.
On many occasions, I can't help being amused by the
conflict between what Bayo Oguntuase, the language activist who wrote for the
defunct Sunday Concord, identified as usage errors unique to Nigeria and what I
encounter here. For instance, he once wrote that the expression "(the) same
to you" as a response to an expression of goodwill is wrong. He said the
correct response should be "I wish you the same." Well, "same to
you" is perfectly legitimate in American English.
Oguntuase also once wrote that the word
"congrats" was a Nigerian invention. That, too, is wrong. The word is
the American short form of "congratulations"; Nigerians merely
adopted it. Even the British now use it widely. But the biggest surprise for me
is the discovery that Americans also use the expression "I am coming"
to indicate that they will be returning soon, although this usage is
nonstandard even here. But I had been socialized into thinking that the
expression is merely the literal translation of our Nigerian languages: na wee in Batonu, ina zuwa in Hausa, mon bowa
in Yoruba, etc.
I also discovered that the expression "to rub
minds," which a language columnist in Nigeria once described as uniquely
Nigerian, is actually an old-fashioned American English expression. Americans
now use the word "brainstorm," which sounds rather formal, even
pretentious, in Nigerian English.
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First published in Sunday Trust on May 20, 2013
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