By Farooq A. Kperogi, Ph.D. Twitter: @farooqkperogi One of the sources of Nigerian English that I have identified in several of my w...
By Farooq A. Kperogi, Ph.D.
Twitter: @farooqkperogi
One of the sources of Nigerian English that I have
identified in several of my writings is linguistic improvisation. Linguistic
improvisation occurs when speakers of a language invent new words, or expand
the meaning and usage of existing ones, to give expression to novel cultural,
social, political, etc. experiences and ideas that are not lexicalized in the
language.
The expression “budget padding” is a close example of
linguistic improvisation in Nigerian English. Although no one definition
accurately encapsulates the entire meaning of the term (even House of
Representatives Speaker Yakubu Dogara once said he didn’t know what it meant), “budget padding” is generally
understood in Nigeria to mean the borderline unethical addition of expenditures
to the national budget, especially to allow for “constituency projects” that
benefit members of the National Assembly.
This understanding of the term derives from the notion
of “padding” as stuffing something with extraneous material in order to firm it
up. Some women, for instance, pad their bras to enhance their “cleavage,” or to
lend an illusion of largeness to their bosoms. Cabinetmakers pad chairs with
foams both to raise them and to cushion the hardness of their surfaces. In
essence, padding entails the addition of extra elements to something.
Although I said “budget padding” is a Nigerian coinage,
it has actually appeared a few times in American English, albeit in personal
and small-business
budgeting contexts. I’ve heard and read a few Americans talk of “padding the
budget,” by which they basically mean allocating more money for their
expenditures than they actually plan to spend, in order to take care of
unanticipated expenses without being discombobulated.
For instance, if your monthly income is N100,000 and
you plan on spending N50,000 for the month, you may pad the budget by
increasing your expected expenditure to N70,000 so that if, for example, your
car breaks down and needs to be repaired, your padded budget would take care of
the contingency. Note that this usage isn’t widespread in America.
According to the 2.8-billion-word-strong News on the Web Corpus,
the expression “padding the budget” first appeared on the web in the
Punch of December 23, 2015. But that
is inaccurate. I found mentions of the term on American websites earlier than
December 23, 2015.
For instance, I found a January 10, 2015 reference to “padding
the budget” on the website of the University of North Florida. It goes: “When bottom-up budgeting is
employed, lower-level managers are allowed to provide input into budgeted
amounts for their division or department. To avoid the possibility of spending
more than the budget allows, some managers might overstate the amount they expect
to spend. This is called building slack into the budget or padding the budget.”
But Nigerian legislators have expanded this rare
American (business) English meaning of “budget padding” to mean sneaky
additions to the national budget presumably to fund local projects in the
legislative districts of members of the National Assembly. It is also entirely
possible that the people who coined the term in Nigeria were never even aware
that it is used in different but fairly similar contexts in America.
Name for “budget padding” in other
democracies
In
spite of suppositions to the contrary, inserting allocations for “constituency
projects” for legislators in national budgets isn’t unique to Nigeria. It also
happens in many democracies. In America it’s called “pork barrel,” and has been
part and parcel of the American budgetary process since the 1800s.
Random
House Dictionary defines pork barrel as “a government
appropriation, bill, or policy that supplies funds for local improvements
designed to ingratiate legislators with their constituents.” Oxford Dictionary defines it as “The use
of government funds for projects designed to please voters or legislators and
win votes,” and says the usage is a figurative extension “from the use of such
a barrel by farmers, to keep a reserve supply of meat.”
Of course, the expression “pork barrel” has no chance
of gaining traction in Nigeria because up to half of Nigeria’s legislators are
Muslims for whom pork, that is, pig meat, is forbidden.
It is noteworthy that although “pork barrel” isn’t
illegal in America, it’s considered unethical. There is an NGO by the name of
Citizens Against Government Waste that has dedicated itself to stopping it. The
Washington Post called it America’s
“leading opponent of pork-barrel spending.”
Another term that is often treated as an equivalent
word for “pork barrel” in American English is “ear mark.” It is defined as “a
provision or report language included primarily at the request of a Member,
Delegate, Resident Commissioner, or Senator providing, authorizing or
recommending a specific amount of discretionary budget authority, credit
authority, or other spending authority for a contract, loan, loan guarantee,
grant, loan authority, or other expenditure with or to an entity, or targeted
to a specific State, locality or Congressional district, other than through a
statutory or administrative formula driven or competitive award process."
But some people insist there is a difference between
“ear mark” and “pork barrel.” While ear marks meet an objective need of a
community, pork barrels are mere discretionary, “subjective” allocations to
ingratiate a legislator with his or her constituents. If, for instance, a
legislator’s constituency has terrible roads that cause fatal accidents, and he
encourages his colleagues to allocate funds in the budget to build roads for
this community, that would be an “ear mark,” not a “pork barrel.”
British English speakers don’t have an exact lexical
equivalent for the American English pork barrel, but terms like “election
sweetener,” “pre-election tax sweetener,” or simply “sweetener” have been used
to denote additions to the budget, or tax breaks, for projects that benefit
voters in the constituencies of members of parliament going up for reelection.
A story in the UK Independent of February 25, 2005 titled “Brown Warned on Preelection Tax
Sweeteners” pointed out that “Every general election year since 1979 voters
have been offered a package of sweeteners in the final Budget of the
Parliament.”
Australian English speakers have no original coinage
for voter-pleasing increases in the national budget. They use the American
English “pork barrel.”
I am aware that although Nigerian legislators claim to
“pad the budget” for “constituency projects” many just spend the money for
personal use. Some legislators, in fact, intentionally hike the budgets of
government agencies so they can share the extra funds with the CEOs of such
agencies. It’s all part of the meaning of “budget padding” in Nigeria.
The Economist racist? Nope!
In
an awkwardly error-ridden news release last week, Minister of Information Lai
Mohammed said the Economist’s recent
critique of the Buhari administration’s “Change Begins with Me” campaign was
racist. “Contrary to the newspaper’s self-professed belief in ‘plain language’,
the article in question, from the headline to the body, is a master-piece of
embellishment or dressed-up language,” he said. “It is loaded with innuendos
and decidedly pejorative at best, and downright racist at worst.”
First, that’s a structurally ungainly and semantically
baffling blizzard of words. What the heck is “a master-piece [sic] of
embellishment or dress-up language”? The second sentence is even more
sophomoric in its untamed verbal exuberance. But my object here is not to
analyze the grammar of the minister’s press release. I want instead to engage
with the minister’s claim that the Economist
was “racist” because it used the word “tame” to describe the intent of
government’s “Change Begins with Me” campaign.
“The Economist
wrote that President Buhari wants to ‘tame’ Nigerians with the ‘Change Begins
With Me’ Campaign. For those who are the owners of the English language, the use
of that word is unpardonable. The verb ‘tame’ suggests that Nigerians are some
kind of wild animals that must be domesticated, and the usage reveals the
mindset of the authors of the article: a deliberate put-down of a whole people
under the guise of criticising a government policy,” he said.
This is embarrassingly uninformed. Tame is a polysemic
word, and can mean “to correct by punishment or discipline.” That was clearly
the sense of the word the Economist
had in mind when it said, “Under a new ‘national reorientation’ campaign called
‘Change Begins with Me’ Mr Buhari wants to tame Nigerians.”
This fact becomes even clearer when you read the next
paragraph of the article where specific reference is made to the resuscitation
of the “War Against Indiscipline” brigade, which literally punished or
disciplined Nigerians who got out of line during Buhari’s first coming as a
military dictator.
There is nothing even remotely racist in the use of “tame”
in this context. What is borderline racist is the magazine’s recent description
of former President Goodluck Jonathan as an “ineffectual buffoon.” The racist
stereotype of black men as wide-eyed, happy-go-lucky “buffoons” in the West is
well documented. Maybe Lai Mohammed has no idea what racist language means or
what “tame” truly signifies.
By the way, since he likes to pick a fight with native
English speakers over the use of their language, I wonder why the minister
didn’t pick up on the solecism committed by Pennsylvania Congressman Tom Marino
who accused President Muhammadu Buhari of violating “the most basic tenants [sic] of democracy: freedom to assemble and
freedom of speech.”
The Congressman obviously meant “tenets of democracy.”
A tenant is a person who pays rent to live in or use a property belonging to
someone else. A tenet is a doctrine or principle that undergirds a system. Lai
Mohammed should have told the US congressman to first go learn some English
before criticizing Nigeria’s president.
Well, with the way things are going in this democracy,
the Congressman probably meant that Nigerians are “tenants” of democracy who
have not paid their democratic rents and are in danger of being evicted soon!
Politics of Grammar Column
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