By Farooq A. Kperogi, Ph.D. Twitter: @farooqkperogi Several readers have asked me to give them guidance on when it is proper to use t...
By
Farooq A. Kperogi, Ph.D.
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Politics of Grammar Column
Twitter:
@farooqkperogi
Several readers have asked me to give them guidance on
when it is proper to use the locational prepositions “in” and “on” in certain
fixed expressions. They asked to know the difference between “in bed” and “on the
bed,” between “in the train” and “on the train,” between “in the street” and
“on the street,” between “in the bus” and “on the bus,” between "on the
airplane" and "in the airplane," etc. This week’s column answers
these questions.
1. “In bed” versus “on
the bed.” “In bed”
is the conventional expression in Standard English to indicate that one is
sleeping or is about to sleep, as in, “By 8:30 p.m. all the children should be
in bed.” The expression can also mean sexual activity, as in, “He is
good in bed.” “In bed with” is also used metaphorically to indicate undesirable,
often conspiratorial, closeness, as in, “Journalists are in bed with corrupt
politicians.”
“On the bed,” on
the other hand, merely indicates one’s location in relation to a bed. (Note
that, unlike “in bed,” you can’t dispense with the definite article “the” in
the expression “on the bed.”) For instance, someone can sit “on the bed” or
“lie on the bed,” which merely indicates the person’s position on the bed. It
doesn’t convey the sense that the person is sleeping or is about to sleep.
In sum, use “in
bed” for sleeping, sexual activity, and undesirable closeness, and “on the bed”
to convey the sense of being on top of the blankets of a bed— with no intention
to sleep.
2. “In the street”
versus “on the street.” The
difference between “in the street” and “on the street” isn’t as straightforward
as that between “in bed” and “on the bed.” Many native speakers interchange the
expressions. But here is what the sensitive user of the language needs to know.
“In the street” is an
older, more established expression than “on the street” when reference is to
the roads and public places of a village, town, or city in the abstract sense,
as in, “I like to go for a walk in the street every weekend.” In this example, “street”
isn’t specific to any identifiable public road. “On the street” tends to be
appropriate for occasions when the specific location of a street is important,
as in, “we live on the same street.”
The truth, though, is
that in modern usage, both expressions can be, and often are, used in place of
the other. My own preference is “in the street.”
How about the idiom
“man in the street” to represent the hypothetical everyday person who is a
non-expert? Should it be “man on the street”? Well, both expressions are now
usually interchanged in popular usage, and there is no reason to chafe at this.
In fact, many prestigious dictionaries acknowledge the interchangeability of
the expressions. It helps to know, though, that “man in the street” is the
older form of the expression, and current usage still prefers it to “man on the
street.” A search on Google brought nearly 1.5billion hits for “man in the
street” but only 547 million hits for “man on the
street.”
However, evidence from
the British National Corpus and the Corpus of Contemporary American English
shows strong regional and dialectal variations in the use of these
expressions. “Man in the street” enjoys more popularity and
acceptance than “man on the street” in British English. I found only five hits
for “man on the street” in the British National Corpus. Of the five hits, only
one usage is idiomatic. The only other idiomatic usage puts it in quotation
marks and makes it clear that it’s an American usage (“I wish a prominent
member of the American print media would present an open unbiased, informative
‘Man on the street’ issue, such as you did.”) The three other uses refer to a
man on a specific street.
The Corpus of
Contemporary American English shows a preference for “man on the street” but
not by the wide margin we saw between “man in the street” and “man on the
street” in the British National Corpus. It seems safe to say that “man on the
street” first appeared in American English and hasn’t quite become popular in
British English.
The Online Etymology
Dictionary says the first recorded use of “man in the street” to mean the
ordinary person dates back to 1831. “Man on the street,” on the hand, the Merriam-Webster Dictionary says, dates back to only 1926.
It is also important
to note that “on the streets” (note the plural) means being homeless (as in,
“if you don’t pay your rent you will be on the streets”) or working as a
prostitute (as in, “The government should devise policies to protect the girls
on the streets in our cities.”)
“On the street” (note
that there is no plural) can also mean “without a job, unemployed, as in ‘After
she lost her job at the ministry she was on the street for three years,’”
especially in American English. The American Heritage Idioms Dictionary says
this idiom is attested from the “first half of 1900s.”
3. “On the train”
versus “in the train.” When
you’re traveling by means of a train, you say you’re “on the train.” That’s the
fixed, conventional expression to use in all native varieties of English. Being
“in the train” indicates your position in relation to the train (that is, that you’re
inside it), not the fact of your traveling by it.
Note that this is
different from the idiomatic expression “in the train of,” which is synonymous
with “in the wake of,” as in, “many people were rendered homeless in the train
of the massive flood.” Also note that “in train” is another fixed phrase that
means “well-organized” or “in progress,” as in, “The report of the recently
concluded national conference is in train.”
In short, in
transportational contexts, “on the train” is the preferred expression.
4. “On the bus” versus
“in the bus.” The usage rules
here are similar to the preceding one. It should be “on the bus” when you use
the expression in a transportational context. “In the bus” is never appropriate
when used in relation to transportation. It may only be used to show location,
such as being inside the bus.
You also you get “on
an airplane,” not “in an airplane.” The same rule applies to bicycle.
You ride “on a bicycle.”
5. “In the car” versus
“on the car.” Here the rule is
reversed. You are “in a car” if you’re traveling by it. When you’re “on a car,”
it means you’re on top of it. You also get “in a taxi,” not “on a taxi.”
A good way to help the
reader remember when it’s appropriate to use “in” or “on” in relation to a
means of transportation is to note the prepositions we use to get out of the
means of transportation. You get “out” of a car. So you get “in” it. You get “off”
a train. So you get “on” it. We say “in and out” but “on and off.”
Some Thoughts on
Prepositions
If this column isn’t
very helpful in its differentiation of “on” and “in,” it’s because English
prepositions are notoriously tricky and arbitrary. You can’t master their usage
by holding on to a universal syntactic logic. You just need to learn their
usage through reading good books and articles or by listening to the speech
patterns of native speakers.
In some cases,
prepositional usage can be fluid, permissive, and inflected by dialectal
choices (such as is the case with “in the street” and “on the street”), but in
other contexts their usage is fixed in meaning and context (such as in the use
of “on” or “in” in relation to transportational activities).
Politics of Grammar Column
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